Nota penuh: 4.1 Statements: Direct to Reported
Semua nota subtopik ini dalam satu halaman — sesuai untuk ulang kaji pantas.
Peraturan Asas — Tense Mundur Selangkah
- Direct speech ada tanda petik ("..."); reported TIADA 🚫
- Selepas "said/told", tense backshift (mundur satu langkah) ⏮️
- Backshift tense — turun satu tingkat ⬇️: Present Simple ➡️ Past SimplePresent Continuous ➡️ Past ContinuousPresent Perfect / Past Simple ➡️ Past Perfectwill ➡️ would; can ➡️ could; may ➡️ might
- Contoh: "I work here." → She said she worked there.
- Buang tanda petik, tambah that (pilihan): He said that he was busy.
Tip Power! said vs told: "said" TANPA objek (He said that...); "told" WAJIB ada objek (He told ME that...). Jangan tulis "He said me"!
Pronoun & Penanda Masa/Tempat Berubah
- now
- then
- today
- that day
- tomorrow
- the next day
- yesterday
- the day before
- here
- there
- this
- that
- Pronoun ikut siapa bercakap: "I am busy" (Ali) → Ali said he was busy 👤
- Contoh penuh: "I will see you tomorrow." → He said he would see me the next day. 📅
- Kata tunjuk berubah: "I like this book." → She said she liked that book. 📖
Cara ingat: Reported speech = 'mundur & jauh'. Tense mundur, masa/tempat jadi jauh (now→then, here→there). ⏳
Bila Tense TAK Perlu Backshift
- Kalau kata pelapor present (says/tells) → tense kekal: "He says he is tired." ✅
- Kalau ayat ialah fakta abadi: "The teacher said the Earth is round." 🌍
Backshift (biasa)
- "I am happy," she said.
- → She said she was happy.
No backshift (fakta kekal)
- "Water boils at 100°C," he said.
- → He said water boils at 100°C.
- Modal would, could, might, should dah "past" — tak berubah lagi 🔒
Tip Power! Fakta yang sentiasa benar (sains, kebenaran am) boleh kekal present walaupun selepas "said". Tapi backshift pun masih diterima.